Direct access dispensing system

ABSTRACT

An access and storage system including a storage component configured to store an item therein or thereon in an associated storage position, wherein the storage component is configured to provide a user direct manual access to the item in the storage position. The system further includes a sensor system configured to track at least one of a user&#39;s removal of the item from the associated storage position or replacement of the item to the associated storage position. The sensor system operates independently of any sensor component secured to the item.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 61/421,056, filed on Dec. 8, 2010, the entire contents of whichare incorporated herein by reference.

The present invention is directed to a dispensing system, and moreparticularly, to a dispensing system that provides a user direct accessto the items being dispensed.

BACKGROUND

In industrial workplaces, assembly operations, maintenance and repairoperations, institutions, healthcare facilities and other environments,workers often have a recurring need to access and replenish theirsupplies. Historically, the worker would leave his or her work area,walk to a tool crib or store room, and request the desired item from thetool crib attendant or storeroom clerk. The tool crib attendant wouldwrite down the request, manually pick up the desired item from a shelf,and hand it to the worker. The worker would then return to his or herwork area with the requested item, and the attendant would then enterthe dispensing event into a record-keeping system. The procurement orpurchasing department of the company would typically manually checkinventory levels to determine when new supplies needed to be ordered.

However, such a system is time consuming and inefficient since theworker loses productivity by walking to and from the tool crib orstoreroom and waiting for the attendant to get the supplies. Inaddition, the attendant would often manually write down the request andenter the request/dispensing event into a computer system, requiringextra labor and increasing the chances of human error. The tool cribattendant's duties also incur additional labor, and the tool crib orstoreroom requires extra space. Finally, manually checking inventorylevels is a time consuming, costly and error-prone process. This, inturn, requires that inventory levels be increased to provide a bufferinventory or “safety stock” which is costly, inefficient and wasteful.Certain industrial vending systems may address and alleviate some ofthese issues, but still present various inefficiencies in their use.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment the present invention is an access and storage systemincluding a storage component configured to store an item therein orthereon in an associated storage position, wherein the storage componentis configured to provide a user direct manual access to the item in thestorage position. The system further includes a sensor system configuredto track at least one of a user's removal of the item from theassociated storage position or replacement of the item to the associatedstorage position. The sensor system operates independently of any sensorcomponent secured to the item.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of one embodiment of a storage anddispensing cabinet;

FIG. 2 is a front perspective view of an alternate storage anddispensing cabinet;

FIG. 3 is a front perspective view of another storage and dispensingcabinet;

FIG. 4 is a front perspective view of yet another alternate storage anddispensing cabinet;

FIG. 5 is a front perspective view of empty aperture-based dispenser,shown in its empty condition;

FIG. 6 is a front perspective view of the aperture-based dispenser ofFIG. 5, with an item positioned therein;

FIG. 7 is a front perspective view of another aperture-based dispenser;

FIG. 8 is a front perspective view an array of aperture-baseddispensers;

FIG. 9 is a front perspective view of a pair of tiered dispensers;

FIG. 10 is a front perspective view of a tiered dispenser of FIG. 9,showing the internal shelves thereof;

FIG. 11 is a front perspective view of a plurality of weight-baseddispensers;

FIG. 12 is a front perspective cut-away view of a distance-baseddispenser with two items positioned therein;

FIG. 13 is a front perspective view of the distance-based dispenser ofFIG. 12, after an item has been removed therefrom;

FIG. 14 is a front perspective view of a ramp-style dispenser;

FIG. 15 is a front perspective view of a bulk item dispenser;

FIG. 16 is a front perspective view of a cut-out dispenser with an itempositioned therein;

FIG. 17 is a front perspective view of the dispenser of FIG. 16, withthe item removed;

FIG. 18 is a front perspective view of sensor array dispenser, with anitem positioned thereon;

FIG. 19 is a front perspective view of the dispenser of FIG. 18, withthe item removed;

FIG. 20 is a front perspective, partial cutaway view of a room dispensersystem;

FIG. 21 is a front view of a shelf dispensing system with a virtualwall;

FIG. 22 is a front perspective view of a dispensing tray; and

FIG. 23 is a flow chart showing operations for managing and operating adispensing system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one embodiment, the present invention takes the form of, or includes,an access and storage system including a storage component configured tostore items therein or thereon. As shown in FIG. 1, in one embodimentthe access and storage system 10 includes a storage component in theform of a dispensing cabinet 12 having various dispensers/compartments14 which can be selectively accessed by a user or users. Eachcompartment 14 can be considered a secure storage area that can storeone or a plurality of items, supplies, tools, components, parts,ingredients, kits, consumables, or the like 16 (collectively termed“items” herein) which can take any of a wide variety of forms, dependingupon the industry and setting in which the cabinet 12 is utilized.

In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the upper compartments 14 of the storagecabinet 12 are defined by a plurality of horizontally-extending shelves18 and vertically-extending dividers 20. The front of the uppercompartments 14 are selectively covered by a pair of doors 22 which canbe moved between the open positions shown in FIG. 1, and closedpositions in which the doors 22 extend across and cover the uppercompartments 14. When the doors 22 are closed the doors 22 block outsideaccess to the upper compartments 14. The doors 22 may be able to belocked in their closed position to control access to the compartments14. The doors 22 may be generally clear or transparent to allow a userto see the compartments 14 and the items 16 stored therein. However, thedoors 22 may instead be fully or partially opaque for security or otherreasons. The doors 22 may also be made of an expanded or mesh-typematerial, providing for some visibility and free air flow and increasedventilation in the cabinet 12.

The storage cabinet 12 of FIG. 1 includes a plurality of sliding drawers24 which can be opened (in some cases, only when authorized) to allowaccess to the associated compartments 14 and items 16 stored therein.Each drawer 24 may itself have internal covers, doors or panels (notshown) which control access to one or more discrete compartments 14thereof, and/or whose opening and closed can be sensed and/orcontroller. The contents of the storage cabinet 12 may be illuminated,such as by an LED lighting system or the like to increase visibility ofthe compartments 14 and items 16.

FIG. 2 illustrates an alternate embodiment in which the storage cabinet12 includes a plurality of shelves 18 and dividers 20 (but no drawers24), and the shelves 18 can be accessed by opening a single large,lockable cabinet door 22. FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment similarto that of FIG. 2 except the storage cabinet 12 includes twooutwardly-pivoting, lockable doors 22 to cover the compartments 14 andcontrol access thereto. The single-door cabinet 12 of FIG. 2 may beeasier and more inexpensive to manufacture, while the dual-door cabinet12 of FIG. 3 may be preferable in certain cases when space around thecabinet 12 is limited and/or adjacent components may prevent fullopening of a larger single door 22. FIG. 4 illustrates yet anotherembodiment in which the storage cabinet 12 includes a plurality ofgenerally equally-sized compartments 14 defined by shelves 18 andvertical dividers 20. Each compartment 14 may have an associated door 22to control access thereto such that the storage cabinet 12 of FIG. 4presents a locker-like configuration.

FIGS. 1-4 provide examples of various storage components/storagecabinets in various configurations. However, it should be understoodthat the shelves 18, vertical dividers 20, drawers 24, etc. of eachstorage cabinet 12 may be adjustable to allow the storage cabinets 12 tobe customized for use with various-sized items 16. In addition, thestorage cabinets 12 can come in a wide variety of shapes andconfigurations besides those specifically shown in FIGS. 1-4, and caninclude compartments 14 of various shapes and configurations accessibleby various means such as doors 20, drawers 24, sliding panels, fliptops, and the like.

Each storage component/storage cabinet 12 can be configured toselectively control access to all or certain of its compartments 14 byallowing selective opening of the doors 20, drawers 24, and othersimilar components. In particular, each storage cabinet 12 may have orbe associated with a controller 15 which a user can interact with togain access to all or certain of the compartments 14 of the storagecabinet 12. The controller 15 may include or take the form of aprocessor, CPU, computer or the like, and may include a user interface26 in the form of a keypad, touch screen, keyboard, mouse, track ball,audio input device, receiver or the like.

The controller 15 (and its user interface 26) can be integrated withand/or attached to the associated storage cabinet 12, as shown in FIGS.1-4, or can be separate and stand alone. FIGS. 1-3 illustrate a userinterface 26 in the form of a keypad mounted on a door 20, and FIG. 4illustrates a user interface 26 in the form of a keypad mounted on theside of the storage cabinet 12. However, the user interface 26 can belocated at any of a wide variety of positions. Each storage cabinet 12can have its own controller 15 and/or user interface 26, or multiplestorage cabinets 12 may share the same controller 15/user interface 26.Alternately, in some cases, the controller 15 and/or user interface 26may be omitted from the storage cabinet 12.

When a user wishes to access and withdraw an item 16 from a storagecomponent/storage cabinet 12, or replace/replenish items 16, the usermay need to first be identified and/or authenticated. Theidentification/authentication steps can be carried out in a variety ofmanners and with various types of equipment, such as an identificationsystem that may include or incorporate the controller 15 and userinterface 26, or other components/equipment as described below. In onecase, each user has a user identification and/or password, which may beunique to that user (or to a particular class of users). When prompted,the user can input the user ID and/or password into the user interface26.

In another case, the system 10 can identify and/or authenticate the userby a key fob or other wireless device, that is carried by the user,which transmits in the radio frequency or at other frequencies. Thecontroller 15/user interface 26 can incorporate a reader that canrecognize the unique signal transmitted by the key fob toidentify/authenticate the user. In this case, a user may beautomatically identified as he or she approaches the physical locationof a storage cabinet 12. Alternately, users can be authenticated throughremote messaging to the controller 15 from an independent device ornetwork, such as a smart phone, cell phone, mobile phone or devicecarried by the user, via a text message, a sms message or the like. Theuser can also be identified and/or authenticated by any of a widevariety of other means or mechanisms, including by the use of amechanical or electronic key, by swiping a card with a magnetic stripe,through the use of biometrics (including facial recognition), orcombinations thereof.

Once the user is identified by the identification system, the controller15 may reference an authorization database included in and/oroperatively coupled to the controller 15 and/or identification system.The authorization database identifies which of the plurality of items 16a particular identified user is authorized to access. In one case, theauthentication database resides at the controller 15. In anotherembodiment, the authentication database resides at a remote device, asthe remote server 17 shown in FIG. 1. The authentication databaseidentifies which compartments 14 and/or items 16 the user is authorizedto access, as determined by an administrator.

In some cases, an identification of the compartments 14 and/or items 16which the user is authorized to access may be displayed to the user. Forexample, the authorized compartments 14, dispensers and/or items 16 maybe displayed on the user interface 26 and/or, in some cases, thecompartments 14, dispenser and/or items 16 may be directly identified,such as by activating lights associated with particular compartments14/dispensers/items 16, etc. In some cases, the doors 22 of the storagecabinet 12, which provide access to authorized compartments 14/items 16for that user, may unlock and/or open automatically when the user isidentified and/or authenticated. In other cases, however, the userinterface 26/cabinet 12 does not necessarily display or identify whichcompartments 14 and/or items 16 the user is authorized to access.

After the user's access rights have been authenticated, but before theuser is granted access to the desired compartment(s) 14, the controller15 may check the inventory levels of each item 16 in the dispensersand/or storage component(s)/cabinet(s) 12. As described in greaterdetail below, after the transaction is completed, or during dispensing,the controller 15 may update inventory levels by adjusting for any items16 taken, removed or added during a transaction/session. In this manner,the number of items 16 taken, removed or added can be tracked based upona transactional basis.

Rather than being used strictly for dispensing and replenishment, thesystem 10 may be used to loan out items 16 for use. For example, theitem 16 may take the form of equipment, instruments, hand tools, powertools or the like which can be used multiple times. In some cases, thecabinet 12 may have a power source/plug or the like in the associateddispenser/compartment 14 such that the item 16 can be recharged when theitem 16 is stored in its compartment 14. In this case, when a userreturns a loaned item to the cabinet 12, the amount of time that theitem 16 was checked out, along with the identification of the user, maybe tracked.

The system 10 may also identify a “loan period” for items 16 removed orchecked-out from the cabinet 12. In this case, then, when the item 16 isnot returned within the loan period, the event could be recorded and analert could be sent to the user and/or the system administrator in theform of an email, text/sms message, etc. The system 10 may also providetime-based limits upon the access to certain items 16. For example, ifthe system 10 determines that a rechargeable tool was checked out for acertain period of time, after the tool is returned the system 10 maysubsequently prevent users from accessing that item for a related amountof time to allow time for the tool to properly recharge.

FIGS. 1-4 illustrate cases in which the user has been granted access tothe compartments 14 by the opened doors 22/drawer 24 which exposes thecompartments/dispensers/storage components 14 therein and provides theuser access to the items 16 stored therein. The user may then be able toaccess and retrieve (or replenish) an item 16 stored in the associatedstorage compartment 14. As described in greater detail below, thestorage components/dispensers/compartments 14/storage cabinet 12 mayinclude and incorporate a sensor system in the form of various sensorsso that the identity and number of the items 16 removed or added by theuser can be tracked. In some cases, each item 16 is associated with oneor more sensors so that each item 16 removed from or added to thestorage cabinet 12 can be tracked. In other cases, each type of item 16is associated with one or more sensors. In yet other cases, a singlesensor can track dispensing of various items or various types of items.

After the user has accessed the desired compartments 14 and retrieved,replaced or replenished the desired items 16, the associated doors22/drawers 24 and the like may be closed, either by the user orautomatically. The storage cabinet 12 may then lock the associateddoors/drawers such that no further access is allowed, at least to thoseassociated compartments 14, until the same or a different user goesthrough the identification/authorization process.

During a dispensing or return transaction, the user'sdispensing/return/access behaviors may be monitored and/orcontrolled/limited, in some cases, to limit the user's access to onlyauthorized items 16, according to the authorization database. If anunauthorized transaction occurs (or is attempted), the system 10 maynote the occurrence and possibly send a notification to a systemadministrator, and in some other cases, a siren, buzzer or surveillancecamera, which can be part of the system 10, and may be activated.

As noted above, each compartment 14 may have a sensor and/or dispenserpositioned therein to track the dispensing/removal of items. FIGS. 5-19illustrate various dispensers/storage components that can be used in acompartment 14, or otherwise used as or in association with anotherstorage component, to dispense and/or track items 16, although it shouldbe understood that various other types of dispensers/storage componentscan also be used. Each dispenser, and/or its associated sensors/sensorsystem, may be operatively coupled to the controller 15 so thatdispensing/return/access activities, and inventory levels, can betracked, or may be coupled to its own controller, as will be describedin greater detail below. The cabinets 12, dispensers, compartments 14and/or shelves 18 can each be considered a storage component configuredto store a plurality of items therein or thereon in an associatedstorage position, wherein the storage component is configured to providea user direct manual access to the items in their storage position.

FIG. 5 illustrates an aperture-based dispenser 30 in the form of agenerally rectangular prism or outer casing having a base 32 and a pairof parallel, vertically-extending sidewalls 34. The aperture-baseddispenser 30 also includes a vertically-extending front wall 36 and rearwall 38 that is parallel to, but spaced apart from, the front wall 36.

Each of the walls 34, 36, 38 extend upwardly from the base 32 and definea central cavity 40 therebetween. The side walls 34 may be spaced aparta distance slightly greater than the length of the items 16 to be storedtherein (FIG. 6). The dispenser 30 has an open top 42 and an opening, oraperture 44, formed at or near the bottom of the front wall 36. The opentop 42 and aperture 44 both communicate with the central cavity 40. Theaperture 44 is sized to allow only a single item 16 to pass therethroughat a time. A presence sensor 46 is positioned in, at, or adjacent to theaperture 44 such that the sensor 46 can detect the presence and/orabsence of an item 16 in or adjacent to the aperture 44.

When an item 16 or plurality of items 16 are positioned in the dispenser30, as shown in FIG. 6, the items 16 can be extracted from the dispenser30, through the aperture 44, one at a time. The bottom surface 48 of theaperture-based dispenser may be inclined forwardly to cause each item 16to slide or roll forwardly into (but not through) the aperture 44 toreplace the removed item 16. The presence sensor 46 is triggered eachtime an item 16 is removed from the dispenser 30 such that the number ofitems 16 retracted from the dispenser 30 can be tracked. In other words,when a user removes an item 16 from the dispenser 30, in one case thepresence sensor 46 quickly toggles between the off and on position,thereby capturing the transaction.

The presence sensor 46 can take any wide variety of forms. In one case,the presence sensor 46 is an electrical switch which is a spring biasedin the open position. When an item 16 is positioned in or removed fromthe aperture 44, the weight of the item, and/or extraction force, pivotsor presses a portion of the switch 46 downwardly, making electricalcontact and completing the circuit such that the presence sensor 46detects the presence of the item 16 in the aperture 44. However, thepresence sensor 46 can take any of a wide variety of forms, includingbut not limited to pressure or force sensors, weight sensors, optical orline-of-sight sensors, detectors based on mechanical forces, membraneswitches/sensors, magnetic switches/sensors, light or electromagneticradiation (visible, infrared or otherwise) sensors, contact sensors,photoelectric sensors, ultrasonic sensors, piezoelectric sensors,piezoresistive sensors, accelerometers, motion sensors, tilt sensors,proximity sensors, electric field sensors and other on-off sensingmeans.

In one case, the dispenser 30 is configured to dispense only items 16 ofa single type. However, the shape and configuration of theaperture-based dispenser 30 can be varied as desired to accommodatevarious differently sized and shaped items 16. In addition, the open top42 of the aperture-based dispenser 30 provides a relatively largeopening that can be used for refill/replenishment such that a number ofitems 16 can be quickly loaded into the dispenser 30. The open top 42 ofthe dispenser 30 may be securely covered by a cap or the like (notshown) other than during dispensing operations to ensure that items 16are removed by a user only through the aperture 44. In some cases, asensor may be positioned at or adjacent to the open top 42 such that thenumber of items 16 added during replenishment can be tracked. Inaddition, the dispenser 30 may be configured to receive a stack of items16 therein to ensure a first-in, first-out dispensing order.

FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment in which the aperture-baseddispenser 30 includes a number of discrete central cavities 40, eachcentral cavity 40 having an associated aperture 44 and presence sensor46 such that the apertures 44 are stacked vertically in the dispenser30. In this case, the dispenser 30 shown in FIG. 7 may be utilized tostore and dispense a number of different items 16 (i.e. differing colorsof spray paint cans, in the illustrated embodiment), with one type ofitem 16 being positioned in each discrete central cavity 40.

As shown in FIG. 8, the storage cabinet 12 may include or utilize anarray of side-by-side aperture-based dispensers 30, with each dispenser30 having a presence sensor 46 to track the removal/dispensing of items16 therefrom. In this case the presence sensor 46 take the form of aflap 47 which is spring biased to an angle, and pressed flat when anitem 16 is positioned in and/or passed through the aperture 44. In somecases, the dividers 50 between adjacent aperture-based dispensers 30 canbe adjusted (i.e. in the left-to-right direction of FIG. 8) to customizethe size of each aperture-based dispenser 30 for use with a particularlysized item 16. In this case more than one flap 47 can be used to detectthe presence/dispensing of an item 16, for sufficiently large items 16.

FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate another dispenser in the form of a tiereddispenser 52. As can be seen, the tiered dispenser 52 is generallytriangular in cross section and includes a generallyhorizontally-extending base 54, a generally vertically-extending backpanel 56, and an angled panel 58 extending generally between the base 54and the back panel 56 of the tiered dispenser 52. The angled panel 58includes a plurality of cutouts 60 formed therein to provide a “swisscheese” appearance to the dispenser 52. In the illustrated embodiment,each cutout 60 is generally circular in top view to enable the tiereddispenser 52 to receive a plurality of generally cylindrical items 16therein. However, the cutouts 60 can have various other shapes tocorrespond with the shape of the item 16 being stored therein.

The tiered display 52 may be configured such that each item 16 receivedtherein rests on, adjacent to, or is otherwise associated with apresence sensor 46 so that the presence or absence of the item 16 can bedetected. The presence sensors 46 for the tiered dispenser 52 can takeany of a variety of forms, such as those outlined above in the contextof the aperture-based dispenser 30.

The tiered dispenser 52 may have a plurality of internal shelves 61positioned therein. The shelves 61 may be tiered such that the shelves61 positioned closer to the back panel 56 are positioned higher thanthose further from the back panel 56. In this case, when items 16 arepassed through an associated cutout 60 and sit on an internal shelf 61,items 16 toward the rear of the tiered dispenser 52 are raised higherthan those in front to increase the visibility of the items 16 storedtherein, increasing visibility and ease of access.

FIG. 11 illustrates another type of dispenser, in the form of aweight-based dispenser 62. Each weight-based dispenser 62 may take theform of a bin, box or other storage component 64 which receives aplurality of items 16 therein. Each storage component 64 may beconfigured with an open top and/or front to provide high visibility ofits contents to the user. Each storage component 64 may incorporate orrest upon a weight sensor 66 operatively coupled to the controller 15such that the weight sensor 66/controller 15 can determine when items 16have been removed from or added to the associated storage component 64.The weight-based sensor 66 may take the form of load cells, scales,pressure transducers or the like.

Each weight-based dispenser 62 may operate by taking measurements beforeand after a tracked dispense operation. The difference in weight canthen converted into a corresponding quantity of items 16 for thatparticular dispenser 62. The weight-based sensors 66 may haveweight-per-unit data stored therein or accessible thereby (i.e. storedin the controller 15 or elsewhere). Alternately, the weight-basedsensors 66, or the controller 15 or other components may be able to beprogrammed or calibrated in the field to determine weight-per-unit data.

Each weight-based dispenser 62 may also be able to be used to track bulkmaterials, such as liquids, powders, lubricants and bulk/smallcomponents. The weight-based dispensers 62 therefore enable greatflexibility for the storage cabinet 12 to accommodate a wide range ofitems having varying sizes and packages, ranging from regular items witha fixed and quantifiable unit weight to bulk materials (such as fluid,powders, granular components, or other small items) which are otherwisedifficult to track.

The weight-based dispenser 62 can also be useful for items that areloaned out and/or partially consumed during use. For example, if thesystem 10 allows an item 16 in the form of nail gun to bedispensed/loaned out, the difference in weight in the nail gun beforeand after its use can be tracked to determine the number of nails thatwere used/consumed. The weight-based dispenser 62 is also useful duringreplenishment or restocking, as the restocker can simply place theappropriate items 16 into the corresponding storage component 62, andthe system 10/controller can automatically calculate the inventory countbased on the added weight.

FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate another type of dispenser in the form of adistance-based dispenser 70. The distance-based dispenser 70 includes abody 72 generally in the form of a rectangular prism with a biased orspring-loaded pusher bar 74 positioned therein. The spring-loaded pusherbar 74 pushes the items 16 in the distance-based dispenser 70 towards aforward or dispensing position or aperture. In this manner, when an item16 is removed by a user (as can be seen in comparing FIGS. 12 and 13),the pusher bar 74 indexes the remaining item(s) 16 forwardly. Theposition of the pusher arm 74 is then tracked such that the number ofitems stored/dispensed/replenished can be tracked.

Various sensors or mechanisms may be utilized to track the position ofthe pusher arm 74, including use of the sensors as described above inthe context of the aperture-based dispenser 30. In one embodiment,however, an infrared beam may be reflected off of the pusher bar 74 todetermine the position of the pusher bar 74, and therefore the number ofitems 16 stored therein/dispensed. The distance-based sensor may also orinstead take the form of mechanical or optical encoders, light orultrasonic sensors, potentiometers, or mechanical linkages. Thedistance-based dispenser 70 shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 is generallyhorizontally oriented such that the pusher bar 74 moves generallyhorizontally. However, the distance-based dispenser 70 can be orientedin a variety of other configurations, such as angled or vertically.

As can be seen in FIGS. 12 and 13, the distance-based dispenser 70 isuseful for dispensing items 16 with fixed dimensions. However, the sameor similar concepts can be applied to dispensing bulk products. Forexample, the pusher bar 74 may be oriented generally vertically in astorage container 72 from which items 16 are dispensed, and the pusherbar 74 rests upon the top surface of the mass of bulk items. As items 16are dispensed from the storage container 72, the volume in the storagecontainer 72 is reduced and the pusher bar 74 moves downwardly acorresponding amount.

The distance-based dispenser 70 may also be used in this case inconjunction with irregularly-sized storage components 72. In particular,the size and shape of the storage component 72 can be programmed intothe controller 15 so that the controller 15 can determine thenumber/amount of dispensed items from the position of the pusher arm 74.Such sensors can thereby provide information relating to the amount orvolume of units dispensed, and can convert such measurements into thenumber of units dispensed.

FIG. 14 illustrates another dispenser in the form of a ramp-styledispenser 80. The ramp-style dispenser 80 is somewhat similar to theaperture-based dispenser 30 described above and shown in FIGS. 5 and 6in that, for example, the ramp-style dispenser 80 includes an aperture44 through which only a single item 16 can be passed at a time. Theramp-stype dispenser 80 includes a series of internal ramps 82 arrangedin a serpentine manner upon which the items 16 roll or slide downwardlydue to gravity. The ramp-style dispenser 80 thereby providesone-at-a-time dispensing, and also allows a user to see (at least to adegree) how many items remain in the dispenser 80 by glancing into theaperture 44.

The aperture-based dispenser 30, distance-based dispenser 70 andramp-style dispenser 80 are designed, in the illustrated embodiments, toprovide a first in-first out consumption order. In particular, thosedispensers are designed so that the items 16 put into those dispensersearlier will be dispensed earlier, which can be beneficial for items 16which have a limited shelf life. However, the dispensing order of thosedispensers can be varied if desired.

FIG. 15 illustrates a dispenser 84 for dispensing bulk items, such asliquids, powders, lubricants and bulk/small components (e.g. small boltsin the illustrated embodiment). The dispenser 84 includes a storage bin86 with a level sensor 88 extending vertically along the height of thebin 86. The level sensor 88 can determine the height of the level ofitems 16 in the bin 86, and therefore estimate the amount of items inthe bin 86. The level sensor 88 can detect such levels in a variety ofmanners, including electrical conductivity, by using a series ofhorizontally extending light beams, via presence sensors, or any of theother sensors/technology outlined above. The dispenser 84 can also, orinstead, detect the top surface of items 16 in the bin 86 with aultrasonic sensor 90 which directs an ultrasonic beam 92 toward theitems 16 and tracks the time-of-travel of the reflection of the beam 92to determine levels within the bin 86. Moreover, as noted above in thediscussion of the distance-based sensor 70 of FIGS. 12 and 13, thepusher bar 74, or an analogous component, may also be used to detect thetop surface of the items 16 in the bin 86.

FIGS. 16 and 17 illustrate another dispenser 94 in the form of acomponent 96 with a cut-out or recess 98 formed therein and configuredto closely receive a particular item 16 therein. In particular, in FIGS.16 and 17 the component 96 is generally flat and planar, and the cut-out98 is configured to closely receive an item 16, in the form of a wrench,therein. As shown in FIG. 17, the component may include one or aplurality of sensors 100 in the cut-out 98, which can take the form ofpresence/absence sensors (including light, weight, magnetic or othersensors), but could take any of a variety of other forms.

The sensors 100 can thereby determine the presence/absence of theassociated item 16 in the cut-out 98. The sensors 100 may be placed atstrategic positions in the cut-out 98 to avoid false-positive readings.In particular, the sensors 100 may be positioned such that if anotheritem (e.g. a smaller wrench) that happens to physically fit within thecut-out 98 were to be placed in the cut-98 out, then not all of thesensors 100 would be triggered. The system 10 can thereby determine thatthe desired item is not positioned in its appropriate location. Thecut-out 98 may also be configured to minimize the number of other items16 that can be received in the cut-out 98. Of course, various othercut-outs 98 sized and configured for various other items 16 can belocated at other positions on the component 96, or on other components96.

The cut-out dispenser 94 is useful since the item 16 is easily visibleand directly and immediately manually accessible. In addition, when auser wishes to return the item 16, the user can easily determine theplacement of the item 16 in its appropriate cut-out 98 due to thecorresponding shapes.

FIGS. 18 and 19 illustrate a further alternate dispenser 102 which takesthe form of a board 104 with a plurality of sensors 106 therein orthereon (which can, for example, take the form of the sensors 100outlined above for the cut-out dispenser 94). When an item 16 (such as awrench as shown in FIG. 18) is placed on the dispenser 102/board 104,the sensors 106 underneath the item 16 are triggered (or alternately,are not triggered, while the other sensors 106 are triggered). Theoutline/contour of the item 106 can thereby be compared tooutlines/contours of items stored in the controller 15, and the item 106is thereby identified. This type of sensor/dispenser 102 can be eveneasier to use than the dispenser of FIGS. 16 and 17, as the item 16needs only to be placed anywhere on the board 104, and not in anyparticular location or orientation. Various other items 16 can also beplaced on the same board 104 and their identities determined.

A further extension of the system of FIGS. 18 and 19 can be utilized inthat, instead of utilizing presence/absence sensors, the board 104 mayincorporate or utilize sensors that can map certain characteristics ofthe item 16, such as its shape, weight, surface characteristics,reflectivity, etc or combinations thereof. The measured characteristicscan then be compared to those stored in a database so that the identityof the items 16, and any changed characteristics (i.e. the reducedweight of a nail gun that has dispensed a certain number of nails) canbe determined. The system 10 can thereby use features similar to facialrecognition software/algorithms. Such sensors could also be located atother positions on the system 10, and need not necessarily be positionedon a board 104.

The system 10 may also utilize dispensers/sensors in the form of “smarthook” dispensers (not shown), which includes a cantilevered hook,hanger, helical coil, or the like secured to the storage cabinet 12 atone end. A sensor is positioned at the free end of the hook and items 16are hung on, and/or suspended from, the hook. Items can be removed fromor added to the hook in the manner of a standard vending machine. Whenitems are added to or removed from the hook, the sensor is tripped,thereby triggering an event count. Any of a wide variety of sensors,including the sensors described above in the context of theaperture-based sensor 30, may be utilized to track when an item isremoved from the hook.

The system 10 may also utilize other sensor to track the activities ofthe user, such as imaging technology, including cameras, infraredcameras, video analytics, and motion tracking systems and software. Thesystem 10 may also incorporate interrupt-beam technology, such as lightbeams which send an output when they are interrupted (i.e. when a userreaches into a compartment, shelf, dispenser or the like) so that theactions of the user can be tracked. These (and other) sensors may be notnecessarily be limited to tracking a dispense activity and couldinstead, for example, track when a user reaches into, or extractssomething from, a particular compartment 14, or a particulararea/volume, and/or accesses, or attempts to access, a certain area,item, volume, or the like. The system 10 may also be able to trackpartial removal of an item 16 (which can still be considered “removal”of the item 16), such as when a user tears off a sheet from a roll ofpaper, such as by tracking the number of rotations of the roll.

Thus, as can be seen, various dispensers and storage components(including the dispensers 30, 52, 62, 70, 80, 84, 94, 102, the smarthook dispenser, and others) can be utilized for to track items 16 thatare removed from or added to the associated compartments 14/storagecabinet 12. Of course, the various dispensers can be sized and/oradjusted as desired to accommodate various different items 16 of varyingsizes and shapes, providing scalability to the system 10. Thus, a“dispenser” as used herein, which can also include or take the form of astorage component, can take the form of a more traditional dispenser inwhich various items are trapped within a closed volume. However, itshould be understood that a dispenser/storage component could also takethe form of a flat board (as in the dispensers of FIGS. 16-19), acompartment 14, or even a shelf or other surface upon which an item sitsor is supported by.

The various sensors/dispensers disclosed herein can provide qualitative,non-binary information relating to the dispensing/use of items 16. Thus,such sensors may be termed “smart” sensors, compared to, for example,presence/absence sensors which may provide count information but notnecessarily qualitative information. Moreover, it should be understoodthat two or more dispensers/sensors can be used in combination withcertain items 16 to provide greater accuracy and redundancy in thetracking of dispensed items. In addition, it should be understood thatany of a wide variety of other dispensers, with associated sensors fortracking the dispensing of items therefrom, can be utilized.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1-4, cabinet 12 may be locked/secured,and a user may be able to reach into the cabinet to manually access thedesired items 16. However, if desired the system 10 can take the form ofa walk-in “cabinet” 12, as shown in FIG. 20. In this case, thedispensers and sensors (including any and all of the dispensers andsensors described, shown and referenced above), with items 16 therein,are positioned within a generally closed/secured area or space 108, suchas a room, closet, vehicle, shipping container or the like, with a door111 to provide a person access therethrough and into the secure space108. Each dispenser/item 16 is positioned within the room 108, and theuser 110 may, in some cases, need to be identified/authenticated beforethe user 110 can enter the room 108. In the illustrated embodiment, thesystem 10 includes a keypad 26 to identify/authenticate the user 110,although any of the systems or methods outlined above foridentification/authorization may be utilized.

Once the user 110 enters the room, the user can take and/or return itemfrom the dispensers/shelves, and sensors track the removal and/or returnof items. This system allows for greatly increased volume of storagecapacity compared to the storage cabinets 12 shown in FIGS. 1-4.

The system 10 can also even further remove physical barriers to thedispensers/items 16, as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 21. In this casethe “cabinet” 12/system 10 may not include any physical barriers to thedispensers/items 16, and any user 110 may be able to simply walk up tothe dispenser/items 16 stored on a shelf. In one case, a “virtual wall”112 may be set up such that any individual 110 that crosses the virtualwall 112, or comes within sufficient proximity of the dispensers/items16, is automatically identified and authenticated, or attempted to beidentified and/or authenticated.

If the user 110 accesses, removes, attempts to access or remove items 16for which the user is not authorized, the system 10 may sound an alarm,such as lights and/or sounds. The initial alarm may be more relative lowlevel to provide initial warnings to the user 110, but may increase tohigher levels should the unauthorized activity continue. The system 10may also be configured to notify the user 110 and/or an administrator ofany unauthorized activity so that appropriate action can be taken. Thesystem 10 may also be configured to sound appropriate alarms and/or sendmessages should a user fail to be identified or authenticated. Thesystem 10 can also be configured to take and retain photographic orvideo evidence of the unauthorized activity, and of the associatedindividual. In some cases, however, the identification/authorizationsystem can be omitted, and the system 10 may only track thedispensing/return of items and not necessarily the identify of theusers. All of these activities and options, with respect to access,identification and authentication, or lack thereof, can also be appliedto the various other cabinets, systems, dispensers and the likedescribed elsewhere herein.

As shown in FIG. 22, the system may utilize or take the form of a“cabinet” 12 or sub-assembly 114 which can be manually carried andutilizes and/or incorporates a plurality of sensors and dispensers,including those described above. In the illustrated example, thesub-assembly 114 takes the form of a tray 116 with various sensor,dispensers (dispensers 52 and 62 in the illustrated embodiment), anditems 16 stored therein. The tray may 116 be sized to generallycorrespond to a particularly-sized shelf 118 such that the tray 116 canentirely occupy an entire shelf 118 for storage or use.

The sub-assembly 114 may include a controller 15 coupled thereto orincorporated therein. In the illustrated embodiment the controller 15 isa wireless controller and can communicate wirelessly with othersub-assemblies 114 and/or controllers 15. However, the sub-assembly 114may also lack a separate controller 15, and/or be configured to beconnected to other sub-assemblies 114/controllers 15 or other componentsby a wired or wireless connection.

The subassembly 114/tray 116 provides a modular system in which a numberof items 16, sensors and dispensers are carried on single subassembly114/tray 116. In one case, each of the items 16/dispensers carried onthe tray 116 are related and can be used for the same or related tasks.For example, in one case the subassembly 114/tray 116 stores items usedin a paint booth, such as masking tape, cleaning compounds, aflashlight, polishing compound, spray paint, etc. The user may carry thesubassembly 114/tray 116 to a work site and use the items 16. Theuse/consumption of items 16 can be tracked at the work site and/or whenthe subassembly 114/tray 116 is returned to its original/storageposition. The use of such subassemblies 114/trays 116 also enablesvarious subassemblies 114/trays 116 to be swapped out as desired, toenable quick replacement of items 16, sensor and dispensers, etc.

Each user may have his or her own subassembly 114/tray 116 which theuser uses for his or her job, or alternately subassemblies 114/trays 116may be commonly used and shared. In one case, the subassemblies114/trays 116 may be configured to physically interlock with adjacentsubassemblies 114/trays 116 to form an integral system. In this casebesides being physically coupled the controllers 15/sensor of thesubassemblies 114/trays 116 may also be operatively coupled to form amesh-type network.

The subassembly concept can be applied to even a single dispenser, itemand/or sensor if desired. For example, the dispensers 62 of FIG. 11 areeach operatively coupled to a single controller 15, and FIGS. 5 and 6illustrate the dispenser 30/sensor 46 operatively coupled to, orincluding, its own controller 15. Thus, each dispenser can beoperatively coupled to its own controller 15, or various dispensers canshare a controller 15. Each dispenser can be used separately and apartfrom a storage cabinet, and can be carried on-site to a work location.

It can therefore be seen that a storage component, as described andshown herein, can take the form of a cabinet 12 as shown in FIGS. 1-4,any of the dispensers shown in FIGS. 5-19, the room/walk-in cabinet 12shown in FIG. 20, the shelf shown in FIG. 21, the tray 116 shown in FIG.22, or various other forms. A storage component can also take the formof various subcomponents of such devices, such as an individualdispenser in a cabinet 12, or a compartment or shelf of a cabinet 12which has sensors to track dispensing/return activities, ordispensers/compartments/shelves of the walk-in cabinet 12 of FIG. 20, ofshelf of FIG. 21 or of tray 116 of FIG. 22. In other words, a singlelarger storage component, such as a cabinet 12, room/walk-in cabinet 12,shelf, tray 116 or the like can itself store or receive other smallerstorage components therein.

FIG. 23 illustrates one embodiment of the basic workflow and operationsof one embodiment of the storage system as disclosed herein. As shown atstep 120 of FIG. 23, information relating to the items 16, such as theirproperties (including in at least some cases weight, cost, function,expected usage, shape, etc.), the number of items 16 in the storagecomponent, the location of the items 16 in the storage component, etc,is entered. At step 122, the various users and their properties (such asidentification, biometric or other identifiers, etc.) are stored in theidentification system/database, and differing user types and accesslevels (such as types of projects the users may work on, specificproject and/or items which the users can access, etc.) are stored. Theitem information, identification system/database and authenticationdatabase may be stored at a local controller 15, at the remote server17, or elsewhere. At step 124, alert messages, critical inventorylevels, and restock request information is entered into the system.

At step 126, users may log into the system and unlock the cabinet, inthe manner described above and shown in FIGS. 1-4 and 20. Alternately,at step 128, users may be physically identified as the users approachthe dispenser, as described above. Further alternately, as outlinedabove, the users may, in some cases, not be identified and/orauthenticated. At step 130, the users carry out the desired steps tocomplete their transaction, such as taking items, returning orreclaiming items, conducting a cycle (inventory) count, etc.

At step 132, the details of the transaction are tracked. At step 134,inventory levels within the dispenser, and/or within the system, aremonitored and tracked. As noted at step 136, usage reports, inventoryreports, and replenishment reports are made available. As noted at step138, real-time consumption data may be sent to the remote server 17, andat step 140 alerts may be triggered when inventory falls below criticallevels, when usage patterns changed unexpectedly, or when access rulesare breached. As noted at step 142, the system 10 can be configured toorder products, request restock, or other activities based upon datanoted in the system 10. The system may be configured to take suchactions automatically, or request human approval before proceeding.

Thus it can be seen that the access/dispensing/replenishment operationsprovided by the system 10 disclosed herein presents an intuitive, easyto operate and relatively “frictionless” transaction system in which auser can simply approach the storage component storing the desired items16, identify themselves (if necessary), access the storagecomponents/dispensers, retrieve or add the desired items 16, re-securethe storage cabinet 12 (if necessary) and return to his or her workstation. For dispensing operations, the user is not required to makepre-selections via a user interface and wait for the machine todispense, as in many previous systems.

Inventory can be replenished quickly and easily. The system 10 alsorequires less data entry, thereby improving the speed and efficiency ofthe user transaction without requiring extra effort on behalf of theuser. Users are also given the opportunity to closely look at andinteract with the items 16. This feature provides the user with morevisibility of the items 16 and give the user more comfort in makingtheir selections.

In addition, the variable configuration of the dispensers allows moreitems 16 to be made available in less space, thereby providing greateritem density and space savings. For example, helix dispensing coils intradition vending-style machines require significant space and aredifficult to arrange efficiently. The use of the dispensers, asdisclosed herein, allows items 16 to be placed directly therein andstacked closely and efficiently. Moreover, in traditional vending-stylemachines, each item must be modified for use with a helix coil, such asby the use of special packaging, or placing a hang-tag thereon. Thus thesystem 10 disclosed herein reduces the use of special packaging, andenables easier refilling and dispensing of items 16.

In some existing systems, items are tracked by attaching an RFID tag (orother sensor component) to each item and then tracking movement of theRFID tag. However, such a system requires that each individual item betagged/modified (i.e. using an electronic tag such as an RFID tag) andmonitoring each individual item 16. In contrast, the present system 10can operate by effectively monitoring the space within the system, anddoes not require the use of any RFID tag, does not require that theitems 16 be modified/tagged and operates independently of any sensorcomponent (such as an RFID tag/antenna) secured to the item 16. Thus thesystem 10 can, in some cases, effectively monitor the actions of theuser, instead of movement of the actual items, thereby resulting in asmooth, easy-to-implement tracking system. The system 10 thus may notdirectly track movement/dispensing of the items, but may instead trackmovement/dispensing of items by deductive reasoning.

The system enables a company/operator to disperse a plurality ofdispensers throughout the plant/floor of a company's operations, therebypushing items 16 out so that they are physically closer to their usersand point of use. This reduces or eliminates users having to leave theirwork areas to request materials from a tool crib or store room, and theuser can instead easily obtain desired items 16 near their work space.The system can also aid during restocking of items or the return ofitems, and can send a signal or an output when an item isreturned/stocked in the incorrect position. The system 10 may also beable to track the return of items 16 to positions other than theiroriginal storage positions (i.e. placement in other similar dispensers,placement on another position on the “sensor board” dispenser 102, or bymotion sensor tracking etc.)

Since each of the dispensers is connected to the controller 15, theidentification of each item taken or added by a user, as well as thequantity/volume/weight of each item, can be tracked by the controllerand/or by the system's software, which may be remotely hosted. Thecontroller can then forward the identity and count of items to theserver 17, along with the identity of the user, the time ofdispensing/replenishment, and other pertinent details. The server 17 canthereby consolidate inventory from all dispensers for a particularcompany, or all inventory for that company or location, track usagepatterns, etc., such that the inventory can be tracked and replenishmentof supplies can be ordered as necessary, providing automated andeasy-to-manage inventory management.

The system 10 also enables automated work flow of generating and sendingitem ordering requests to a supplier or distributor, and eliminatesmanual checking of inventory levels. In addition, the system 10 caneliminate additional human resources needed to monitor a tool crib orstore room and thereby help to reduce human generated errors. The system10 enables usage reports to be generated to track usage by particularusers, groups of users, timing of work requests, etc. to improveefficiency and reduce waste and redundancy. The data can then be used bysuppliers and user companies to analyze and predict production levelsand market trends. The system 10 thereby enables lean manufacturing andlean logistics practices.

The system 10 can also be configured to track use of items on aproject-by-project basis. Thus, for example, each user may be requiredto enter a project identification, such as a project number, for eachdispensing/use activity. Alternately, or in addition, the system 10 maybe configured to assign all of a user's dispensing/use activity to acertain project during certain time periods, be able to automaticallyassign a user's activities to a particular project based upon programmedlogic. In this manner, resource usage can be tied to a project fortracking efficiencies, cost allocation, billing, or other purposes.

The controllers 15 can be connected to each other, and/or to the remoteserver 17 by any variety of means. In one embodiment, eachdispenser/storage cabinet 12/controller 15 is directly connected to theInternet to thereby upload dispensing and other data to the othercontrollers 15 and/or server 17 via the Internet. Each authorized user(i.e. company administrator) can then access information relating to thedispensing operations of the system 10 owned, controlled, or possessedby that company, such as by use of a web browser. Furthermore, ratherthan having each system be connected to the Internet, a plurality oflocal storage cabinets 12/dispensers may be coupled to a singlecontroller 15 which is, in turn, coupled to the Internet. Each of thelocal dispensers/storage cabinets/storage components (and theircontrollers) can be connected to each other, a local controller 15and/or the remote server 17 by a wired connection, wireless connectionsor the like, including Ethernet, Zigbee, Wi-Fi, cellular, or othernetwork or communication protocols.

The system 10 and dispensers/storage components can be used to store andtrack the removal/dispensing of any of a wide variety of items 16 havinga variety of shapes, structures and configurations, and can be used in avariety of industries, including metal working, machine shops,maintenance areas, process industries, mining, transportation,laboratories, utilities, healthcare and medical, construction,automotive, manufacturing, refineries, food and chemical processingplants, aerospace and aircraft maintenance, railroads andtransportation, retail, restaurants, and nearly any other industrysector that involves logistics and supply chain management. The system10/dispensers can also be utilized in mobile environments, such astrucks or vans (i.e. for service departments), railroads, airplanes, oron mobile carts or trays, etc. The system 10 can be utilized to trackboth inventory and assets.

The controller 15, server 17 and other similar devices described hereincan take the form of controllers, processors, computers, computercomponents and elements of a computer, such as hardware, firmware,virtualized hardware and firmware, a combination thereof, or software inexecution. The controller 15, server 17 or other similar devices can runsoftware thereon to carry out the desired function. “Software” in thiscase means one or more computer readable and/or executable instructionsthat cause a computer, personal electronic device or other electronicdevice to perform functions, actions and/or behave in a desired manner.The instructions may be embodied in various forms such as routines,algorithms, modules, methods, threads, and/or programs. Software mayalso be implemented in a variety of executable and/or loadable formsincluding, but not limited to, stand-alone programs, function calls(local and/or remote), servelets, applets, instructions stored in amemory, part of an operating system or browser, bytecode, interpretedscripts and the like. It should be appreciated that the computerreadable and/or executable instructions can be located in one computeror the like and/or distributed between two or more communicating,co-operating, and/or parallel processing computers or the like and thuscan be loaded and/or executed in serial, parallel, massively paralleland other manners. It should also be appreciated that the form ofsoftware may be dependent on various factors, such as the requirementsof a desired application, the environment in which it runs, and/or thedesires of a particular designer/programmer. The software may be storedin a tangible medium, and/or on a computer readable storage medium ormemory device.

Although the invention is shown and described with respect to certainembodiments, it should be clear that modifications will occur to thoseskilled in the art upon reading and understanding the specification, andthe present invention includes all such modifications.

1. An access and storage system comprising: a storage componentconfigured to store an item therein or thereon in an associated storageposition, wherein said storage component is configured to provide a userdirect manual access to said item in said storage position; and a sensorsystem configured to track at least one of a user's removal of said itemfrom the associated storage position or replacement of said item to theassociated storage position, wherein said sensor system operatesindependently of any sensor component secured to said item.
 2. Thesystem of claim 1 wherein said storage component is configured to storea plurality of items therein or thereon in an associated storageposition, wherein said storage component is configured to provide saiduser direct manual access to each of said items in their associatedstorage position, and wherein said sensor system configured to track atleast one of said user's removal of at least one of said items from theassociated storage position or replacement of at least one of said itemsto the associated storage position, wherein said sensor system operatesindependently of any sensor component secured to any of said items. 3.The system of claim 2 further comprising an identification system foridentifying said user and an authorization database operatively coupledto said identification system for tracking which of said items aparticular identified user is authorized to access.
 4. The system ofclaim 3 wherein said storage component is configured to provide saiduser direct manual access to any of said items only after said user isidentified by said identification system.
 5. The system of claim 4wherein said storage component is configured to block direct manualaccess to said items to a user who is not identified by saididentification system.
 6. The system of claim 3 wherein said storagecomponent is configured to provide said user direct manual access onlyto said items said user is authorized to access as determined by saidauthorization database.
 7. The system of claim 3 wherein said storagecomponent includes at least one secure storage area which is notdirectly manually accessible to a user who is not granted accessthereto.
 8. The system of claim 7 wherein said secure storage areadefines an inner volume, and wherein the secure storage area is movablebetween a closed state in which a user is generally prevented fromaccessing any items in said inner volume and an open state in which auser is able to directly manually access to items in said inner volume,and wherein the system is configured such that the secure storage areais locked in said closed state until said identification systemidentifies a user that is authorized to access an item in said securestorage area, at which time said secure storage area is unlocked toenable said secure storage area to move to said open state.
 9. Thesystem of claim 8 wherein said secure storage area includes a door ordrawer which is movable between an open position and a closed position,and wherein the position of said door or drawer corresponds to the stateof the secure storage area.
 10. The system of claim 3 wherein saidsystem is configured to prevent removal of an item by a user notauthorized to remove such item.
 11. The system of claim 3 wherein saidsystem is configured to initiate a notice upon removal or attemptedremoval of an item by a user not authorized to remove such item.
 12. Thesystem of claim 3 further comprising a controller, and wherein saidcontroller is operatively coupled to said identification system, saidauthorization database and said sensor system.
 13. The system of claim12 wherein said controller is configured to record the identity of eachitem accessed or attempted to be accessed by each identified user. 14.The system of claim 3 wherein said identification system is configuredto identify each user by an identification token carried by said user,or by biometric information, or by information provided by said user.15. The system of claim 3 wherein said identification system isconfigured to automatically identify each user without any affirmativeaction by each user.
 16. The system of claim 2 further comprising acontroller operatively coupled to said sensor system, and wherein saidcontroller is configured to track levels of inventory of said items insaid system.
 17. The system of claim 2 further comprising a controlleroperatively coupled to said sensor system, and wherein said controlleris configured to provide access, to an administrator, of levels ofinventory of said items in said system and a history of user actionswith respect to said system.
 18. The system of claim 2 furthercomprising said items, each item being positioned in its associatedstorage position.
 19. The system of claim 18 wherein each item ismanually removable from said storage component.
 20. The system of claim2 wherein the system is configured such that each item resides in itsassociated storage position prior to said user identifying the item orattempting to access the item until such time that said user directlymanually accesses said accessed item in its storage position.
 21. Thesystem of claim 2 further comprising an identification system foridentifying a user, wherein the system is configured such eachparticular item desired to be accessed does not change position from atime said identification system identifies said user until a time saiduser directly manually accesses said particular item.
 22. The system ofclaim 1 wherein said item does not reside on a helical coil or adispensing arm when in its storage position.
 23. The system of claim 1wherein said sensor system utilizes only sensors other than RFIDsensors.
 24. The system of claim 1 wherein said sensor system does notdirectly measure the movement of said item.
 25. The system of claim 1wherein said sensor system deductively determines the removal orreplacement of said item from or to its storage position.
 26. The systemof claim 1 wherein said sensor system includes a plurality of sensorsconfigured to track said user's accessing of or replacement of saiditem.
 27. The system of claim 1 wherein said storage component takes theform of a dispenser configured to dispense a plurality of items of onlya single type, and wherein said sensor system is configured to trackremoval of any items from said dispenser.
 28. The system of claim 27wherein the system further comprises an identification system foridentifying a user, and wherein the dispenser is positioned in a securedarea, and wherein the system is configured to provide a user directmanual access to said dispenser only after said user is identified bysaid identification system.
 29. The system of claim 1 wherein saidstorage component is positioned in a manually carryable tray, along witha plurality of other storage components.
 30. The system of claim 1wherein said storage component takes the form of manually carryabletray, said tray storing or receiving a plurality of dispensers therein,each dispenser storing a plurality of items therein in their storagepositions for removal therefrom by a user.
 31. The system of claim 29wherein said sensor system is configured to track at least one of saiduser's removal of items from each dispenser or return of items to eachdispenser.
 32. The system of claim 1 wherein said storage componenttakes to form of a storage cabinet, said storage cabinet defining aplurality of secure storage areas which can be manually accessed, eachsecure storage area having a dispenser positioned therein, eachdispenser storing a plurality of items therein for removal therefrom bya user.
 33. The system of claim 32 wherein said sensor system isconfigured to track at least one of a user's removal of items from eachdispenser or return of items to each dispenser.
 34. The system of claim1 wherein said storage component is positioned within a secure walk-inarea, and wherein the system is configured to prevent unauthorized usersfrom entering the secure walk-in area.
 35. The system of claim 34wherein said storage component includes a plurality a shelves, eachshelf having a dispenser positioned thereon, each dispenser storing aplurality of items therein for removal therefrom by a user, wherein saidsensor system is configured to track at least one of a user's removal ofitems from each dispenser or return of items to each dispenser.
 36. Thesystem of claim 1 wherein said storage component includes at least onewall and a door through which a user can pass, said wall defining asecure walk-in area into which a user can enter, wherein a plurality ofdispensers are positioned in said secure walk-in area, each dispenserstoring a plurality of items therein for removal therefrom by a user,wherein said sensor system is configured to track at least one of auser's removal of items from each dispenser or return of items to eachdispenser.
 37. The system of claim 1 further comprising anidentification system for identifying a user, and wherein said storagecomponent is positioned within a walk-in area, and wherein theidentification system is configured to identify a user who enters intothe walk-in area.
 38. The system of claim 1 wherein said sensor systeminclude motion tracking sensors configured to track user's motions whenaccessing said item.
 39. The system of claim 1 wherein said storagecomponent includes an outer casing with an aperture, said storagecomponent receiving a plurality of items therein, and wherein saidaperture is configured such that items can be removed from said storagecomponent therethrough, and wherein said aperture is sized such thatonly one item can be removed from said storage component at a time. 40.The system of claim 39 wherein said sensor system is configured to trackthe dispensing of each item through said aperture.
 41. The system ofclaim 1 wherein said storage component includes a first part and asecond part movable relative to said first part, and wherein said sensorsystem includes a distance-based sensor which can determine the distanceof said second part relative to said first part, and wherein said systemis configured to detect a change in distance between said second partand said first part so that said user's removal of said item from theassociated storage position or replacement of said item to theassociated storage position can be determined.
 42. The system of claim41 wherein said system is configured to determine the number of units ofsaid item that have been removed or returned based upon said differencein distance.
 43. The system of claim 1 wherein said sensor systemincludes a presence sensor which can detect the presence or absence ofsaid item at said storage position, and wherein said item is directlymanually removable from said storage position.
 44. The system of claim 1wherein said item is directly manually replaceable to said storageposition.
 45. The system of claim 1 wherein said sensor system includesa weight sensor configured to detect the weight of said item at saidstorage position.
 46. The system of claim 45 wherein said system isconfigured to determine a difference in weight so that a user's removalof said item from the associated storage position or replacement of saiditem to the associated storage position can be determined.
 47. Thesystem of claim 46 wherein said system is configured to determine thenumber of units of said item that have been removed or returned basedupon said difference in weight.
 48. The system of claim 1 wherein saidstorage component includes a helical coil or dispensing arm, and whereinsaid sensor system includes a sensor configured to determine when saiditem has be removed from or dispensed from said helical coil ordispensing arm.
 49. The system of claim 1 wherein said removal of saiditem includes removal of only a part of said item.
 50. A method foroperating an access and storage system comprising: providing a storagecomponent storing items therein or thereon, each item being stored in anassociated storage position, wherein said storage component provides auser direct manual access to at least some of said items in theirstorage positions, wherein the storage component includes a sensorsystem configured to operate independently of any sensor componentsecured to the items; and tracking, via the sensor system, at least oneof a user's removal of items from the associated storage position orreplacement of items to the associated storage position.
 51. An accessand storage system for use with a plurality of items comprising: aplurality of sensors configured to track a user's accessing of each of aplurality of items; and a storage component storing each of saidplurality of items therein or thereon in an associated storage position,wherein said storage component is configured to provide said user directmanual access to said items in said storage positions, which directmanual access is trackable by said sensor system.